An attribute of complex systems is that they are always part of larger system and the system itself constitutes smaller sub systems. The complex system does not live in isolation. There is hierarchy and there is differentiation also. The subsystems perform specialized functions. The system is influenced by both super system and sub systems. It is easy to relate to specialized sub systems in any project and program context. But the project and program are also part of larger strategic plan and are usually aligned with business’s strategic objectives. We can consider this as a super system. Any change in these strategic objectives can have either positive or negative impact on the project.
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